Synthesis of Biobased Composite Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production Using Simplex Lattice Design Mixture: Optimization Process by Taguchi Method

The use of biobased heterogeneous catalysts made from agricultural waste for producing biodiesel has gained attention its potential to create a sustainable and low-cost process. blending two or more biomass residues viable is still in early stages. In this study, Biobased Composite Heterogeneous Catalyst (CHC) was by the shells periwinkle (PWS), melon seed-husk (MSH), locust bean pod-husk (LBP) at mixing ratio 67:17:17 using Simplex Lattice Design Mixture, that then calcined 4 h 800 °C. chemical, structural, morphological components CHC were characterized via XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, TGA/DSC, FTIR assess catalytic potential. employed synthesize palm kernel oil, process optimization conducted Taguchi approach. XRF analysis showed catalyst had 69.049 Calcium (Ca) 9.472 potassium (K) their elemental oxide states as 61.592% calcium 7.919% oxide. This also supported EDX result, an appreciable value 58.00% Ca 2.30% magnesium, perhaps provided active site transesterification reaction biodiesel. physisorption isotherms SEM BET mesoporous structures up nanoparticles. A high maximum yield 90.207 wt.% attained under optimized conditions. could be reused four cycles, produced met both ASTM D6751 EN 14214 standards study demonstrates PWS, MSH, LBP materials can produce high-quality without need additional catalysts.